The rat quickly learned this consequence and so would repeat the behaviour to get more food. The rats quickly learned to go straight to the lever after a few times being put in the box. To determine the involvement of genetic factors, we use twin studies. The entire issues and options in psychology module is for A level only, not AS. Learn More: How To Write AQA Psychology Essays for 16 Marker Questions. It has practical applications. It could be argued that twin studies do not separate nature and nature because twins are raised and live in the same environment and the difference in the concordance rate found between MZ and DZ twins could be due to the fact that MZ twins are treated more similarly by their parents than DZ twins because they look more similar. It is a nomothetic approach as it focuses on establishing theories on information processing that apply to all people. Just as physical characteristics such as eye colour and hair colour are determined by genetics inherited from parents, so too are certain behavioural tendencies. The genitals. Behaviour is learned. Real-world application Psychoanalysis has been used as a form of literary criticism in literature such as Hamlet, where repressed messages are hidden beneath the surface of the text. This topic also covers research methods. Humanistic psychology rejects scientific and objective explanations of behaviour, instead arguing that human experience is subjective and that humans have free will to choose their behaviour. Approaches: MCQ Revision Test 1 for AQA A Level Psychology Topic Videos Approaches in Psychology: AS Exam 2016 Feedback Video Topic Videos For example, it may be argued that many animal experiments (e.g. 5.95. Psychology A-level: Approaches Flashcards | Quizlet Classical conditioning is learning through association and was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov. For example, Baddeley (1966) used lists of words to find out the encoding used by LTM. physical Im tall and personality e.g. Participants could be influenced by demand characteristics. how to walk, babies are born with schema to feed. The bell had become the conditioned stimulus, and salivation had become the conditioned response. Science is concerned with empirically observable facts that can be repeated and measured. A hungry rat was placed in a cage. For example, the fact that children were more likely to imitate/model the behaviour of the role model if they were of the same gender could be because they were more likely to identify with the role model. At this young age, parents would guide their understanding of the situation and moderate their behavior. If one identical twin has OCD, for example, there is a 68% chance the other twin will too. This has led to models which show information flowing through the cognitive system, such as the multi-store model of memory. Another famous example of psychosexual conflict is the Oedipus complex, which occurs at the phallic stage. First, the dogs were presented with the food, and they salivated. The aim of another study, Bandura et al (1961), was to see if this behavioural imitation continued even when the role model was no longer present. A Level Psychology - Designing a reliable, ethical and valid experiment. Exam questions with mark schemes. In contrast, children whose parents have unconditional positive regard for them are more easily able to achieve self-actualisation. As a science, psychology attempts the same thing - to develop laws, but this time to predict behavior. The influence of genes: Heredity is the passing of characteristics from one generation to the next via genes. It argues that internal mental processes (operations of the mind, e.g., perception of memory that mediates between stimulus and response) should be studied scientifically. If there is a large gap between these two concepts, negative feelings of self-worth will arise that will make it impossible for self-actualization to take place. This supports SLT as it shows that children imitate the behavior of role models even if the behavior is aggressive. The approach is non-determinist as it recognizes free will, but its position on this topic is somewhat incoherent as, on the one hand, it argues that people have free will but, on the other hand, it argues that our behavior is determined by the way other people treat us (whether we feel that we are valued and respected without reservation by those around us). The individual is not seen as responsible for their disorders; however, as the conflicts which lead to the disorder are unconscious, there is nothing they can do about it without an analyst; they are disempowered. For example, systematic desensitization based on classical conditioning is used in the treatment of phobias. Furthermore, this approach has led to cognitive behavioral therapy, which is an effective way to deal with depression and, unlike drugs, has no side effects. Furthermore, it measures observable behaviors; therefore, no interpretations are required, and therefore the data is objective. We form schema blueprints and use them to interpret the past, categorise information in the present, and form expectations/predictions for the future. Free AQA Psychology A Level Revision | Seneca Boys imitated more physically aggressive acts than girls. It recognizes the influence of social and cultural factors as it proposes that we are driven by innate, biological instincts (nature) but that the way they are expressed is shaped by our social environment (nurture). It is a nomothetic approach as it views all behavior governed by the same laws of conditioning. According to Freud, there are three levels of consciousness, arranged vertically in a hierarchy: A lot of significant psychological activity happens below the level of what is consciously available. A Level Psychology - Descriptive Statistics, Correlations and Distributions. The behaviorist approach uses lab experiments that are highly controlled; therefore, they are replicable. Psychology Approaches Revision for A-level The mind can be said to work in a similar way: Input from your senses is processed by the mind to produce an output. Charles Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection. This can only happen if they have unconditional positive regard from others if they feel that they are valued and respected without reservation by those around them (especially their parents when they were children). Weaknesses of the psychodynamic approach: Note: This topic is A level only, you dont need to learn about humanistic psychology if you are taking the AS exam only. (1996) found 46% concordance for depression in MZ twins compared with 20% in DZ twins. This shows that the presence of particular genes might lead to different outcomes depending on the social environment. The understanding of the role of neurotransmitters has led to the development of drugs that are effective in the treatment of mental disorders such as schizophrenia and depression. Scientists are interested in discovering laws that can then be used to predict events. Bandura agreed with the behaviorists that behavior is learned through experience. Quick Revision for Paper 2 Psych Boost 45.6K subscribers 199K views 3 years ago Approaches - Psychology Alevel (AQA) Paper 2 If you want to improve. A Wanting to be like another person B Watching another person C Copying another person D Liking another person [1 mark], Explain the major . It does not take into account biological factors such as the role of. It focuses on the present rather than dwelling on the past, unlike psychoanalysis. Updated on May 18, 2023 Reviewed by Saul Mcleod, PhD Learning Approach: Behaviorism Assumptions (AO1) All behaviors are learned from our environment. Nurture is the influence of experiences on a persons ways of perceiving and understanding the world, and nature is the influence of biological drives and needs (Maslows hierarchy of needs). Level: AS, A-Level. In this setup, an electrified grid would cause pain to the rat but pressing the response lever turned the electrified grid off. So, if a disorder is entirely determined by genetics, then identical twins would both develop the disorder because they share identical genes. Free will is the philosophical view that humans are able to make choices for themselves without being controlled by the influences of biology or environment. Case studies: These are used to study rare conditions which provide insight into the working of some mental processes, i.e., Clive Wearing, HM. develop and refine practical design and procedures. Cambridge International AS & A Level Psychology 9990 syllabus. Predictability. However you can't make universal claims based on a few individuals. Psychology A-level: Approaches Flashcards | Quizlet For example: So, the cognitive approach explains behaviour as a series of processing steps analogous to the processing steps of a computer. A-Level Psychology (AQA: The Cognitive Approach - YouTube Bandura and Huston (1961) observed that children imitate the behaviours of role models they identify with. Similarly, you might be born with the SLC1A1 gene, which is linked to OCD. having friends and romantic relationships), and then esteem needs (e.g. 27, 2018 0 likes 2,914 views Download Now Download to read offline Education Revision notes for approaches in psychology for AQA A Level (no pictures) Ella Warwick Follow Advertisement Advertisement Advertisement Recommended PKU is a genetic disorder that affects the ability to break down a substance contained in normal foods (phenylalanine). The five psychosexual stages are as follows: An example of getting stuck: If youve ever heard someone describe a person as anal and thought it was a weird word to describe someone whos obsessive about detail, it comes from Freud. We propose a multimodal approach combining deep learning and discriminative models for automated deception detection. However, the cognitive approach is less deterministic than the learning approach, as although it argues that our thinking is limited by the way we process information, it does not deny the influence of moral values and social norms. AQA A-Level Psychology Past Papers With Answers having a home), followed by social (e.g. There is no need to be worried if you have a GCSE pass grade of 5 or higher, as you will be familiar with these concepts. We are the sum total of our previous conditioning. Skinner argues that free will is an illusion. For example, the genetic characteristics expressed by an individual (whether they have blue eyes or brown eyes). However, most people dont perceive the positive regard of others as being unconditional. Last updated 7 May 2017. The main assumption of the biological approach is that our thinking and behavior are strongly determined by biological factors: structure and functioning of the nervous system. The approach uses non-scientific research methods. The approach is reductionist as it does not take into account emotions and motivation, which influence the processing of information and memory. The participants were young children, older children, and adults who might not have imitated the aggressive behavior as they had more developed moral values. Wundt trained his participants so that they could give detailed observations from their introspection. What are the most effective ways of revising subject knowledge? There are three assessment objectives assessed in each examination: AO1 (Demonstrate knowledge), AO2 (Application of knowledge), and AO3 (Analyse, interpret and evaluate). (1997) found that when their participants were performing activities involving the central executive while being scanned, the prefrontal cortex showed greater activity. AQA Psychology A Level: Paper 2 Approaches Revision Simply Scholar Ltd. 20-22 Wenlock Road, London N1 7GU, 2023 Simply Scholar, Ltd. All rights reserved, Learning Approach Social Learning Theory (AO1), Psychology Approaches Revision for A-level, Research Methods: Definition, Types, & Examples, Issues and Debates in Psychology (A-Level Revision). The subjects were separated into groups as follows: Aggressive: Role model hits the doll with a hammer and shouts abuse at it, Non-aggressive: Role model does not hit the doll or shout at it, Half of the subjects had a role model of the same gender, while the other half had a role model of the opposite gender, After observing the role model for 10 minutes, the participants were taken to a room with toys but told they couldnt play with them (the aim of this was to increase aggression), After 2 minutes, the participants were taken to a room with lots of different toys (including a Bobo doll) and left to play with them for 20 minutes, Children who had observed an aggressive role model previously acted more aggressively than children who had observed a non-aggressive role model, Boys acted more aggressively than girls in general, The child was more likely to imitate the behaviour of the role model if the role model was the same gender as them, Explains cultural differences: If children learn behaviours by modelling those around them (as social learning theory claims) then this explains different behaviours between cultures because the children imitate the behaviours of the culture. This video is going to explore three categories you can use to compare any. Video includes the basic assumptions, the use of theoretical and computer models, the role of schema and the em. 2) The case study method - Little Hans is an example of a case study, these were detailed and carefully recorded. Approaches in Psychology | Psychology | tutor2u This is called vicarious reinforcement. The A level psychology syllabus specifies two learning approaches: behaviourism and social learning theory. Ignores other factors: The psychodynamic approach explains mental disorders as a result of conflict between different aspects of the mind but this ignores other explanations (e.g. 1 Find the US States - No Outlines Minefield 2 World Without 'E' 3 Countries of the World 4 Find the Countries of Europe - No Outlines Minefield Science Level QUIZ LAB SUBMISSION Random: Science | Level | Classic Psychology Approaches A level Can you name the Psychology Approaches A level? The cognitive approach is focused on how our mental processes affect our behavior. However, it could be argued that this might not be very realistic when considering everyday reality, such as domestic violence and genocides. Group 2: 12 girls and 12 boys were shown a model shown a non-aggressive model. intelligence, or aggression also have a genetic component that can be passed on from parents to children. This topic test draws 10 MCQs each time concerning Approaches in Psychology. Phenotype: the physical representation that results from the individuals genotype. The approach recognizes both the influence of nature and nurture, nurture- the influence of experiences on a persons ways of perceiving and understanding the world, and nature- the influence of biological drives and needs (Maslows hierarchy of needs). 806 8067 22 According to Rogers, self-actualisation requires that a persons self-image (how they view themself) is highly congruent with, i.e. Ethical concerns: There are several ethical questions that can be raised against behaviourism. It is strongly determinist as it views our behavior as caused entirely by unconscious factors over which we have no control. When humans and animals act on and in their environment, consequences follow these behaviors. Classical conditioning is a key principle of behaviourism. However, it measures non-observable behaviors; therefore, it could be argued that it is not as scientific as the behaviorist approach. dark alleys at night = dangerous, revision is boring, Motor schema, e.g. Includes the role of the unconscious, the structure of personality, psychosexua. Congruence refers to how closely two things overlap. This is done using brain imaging techniques such as fMRI and PET scans. thoughts and perceptions), Although a persons inner mental processes cant be, Mental processes can be modelled like a computer program: inputs (e.g. For example, we saw in the. This covers the origins of psychology as well as various approaches to the study of the mind, such as the cognitive and biological approaches. Whereas, Self-schema, e.g. The theory is not falsifiable if people behave in the way predicted by the theory; it is viewed as support; if they dont, it is argued that they are using defense mechanisms. According to Rogers, self-actualisation also involves unconditional positive regard and congruence between how a person sees themself and their ideal version of themself. Deception detection is an interdisciplinary field attracting researchers from psychology, criminology, computer science, and economics. The next most essential needs are safety (e.g. Dual coding. If the consequences are pleasant, they repeat the behavior, but if the consequences are unpleasant, they do not repeat the behavior. The children who had observed the aggressive model (group 1) were more aggressive than the children from the other two groups. Acknowledges mental processes: It is obvious that mental processes (thoughts, reflections, emotions, etc.) Obviously this is a very simple example, but all computer programs work in this way. Loftus and Palmer (1974) Car Crash Study. a positive opinion of yourself). 104 cards PAPER 2 - Biopsychology. via dream analysis, free association). According to Freud, boys develop a sexual attraction towards their mother during this stage and a hatred of their father. Rogers argues that self-actualisation requires positive self-regard (i.e. Also covers classical conditioning and Pavlov's dogs; Operant conditioning and Skinner's rats; 4 e. people they are like or want to be like). For example, if a parent only praises and loves their child when they do well in school, or win competitions, then their love is conditional. Approaches in Psychology | Psychology | tutor2u For example, McGuffin et al. Vicarious reinforcement is demonstrated in Bandura and Walters (1963), which was another variation of the Bobo the doll where the model was either praised or punished for acting aggressively towards the doll. However, behaviorists use animal experiments as it assumes that humans learn in the same way as animals. AQA A LEVEL Psychology topic companion: approaches in psychology Page 5 Introspection means "looking into " and is the process in which a person examine s their inner world, by consciously observing their thoughts and emotions. It is a nomothetic approach as it focuses on establishing laws and theories about the effects of physiological and biochemical processes that apply to all people. The study of memory has led to the development of cognitive interviews, which has decreased the inaccuracy of eyewitness memory; this should lead to a decrease in wrongful convictions. This suggests that negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of the behavior being repeated. Revision Guides. Psychology AS and A-level Psychology (7181, 7182) Subject content - A-level 4.2 Psychology in context Students will be expected to: demonstrate knowledge and understanding of psychological concepts, theories, research studies, research methods and ethical issues in relation to the specified Paper 2 content Essay questions with mark schemes. The biological approach uses very scientific methods such as scans and biochemistry. However, human behaviour is much less consistent than stuff like gravitation people dont always behave in the same ways or for the same reasons. base biological drives) and superego (i.e. Evaluating scientific studies and theories, including in relation to issues, to: Apply knowledge and understanding of scientific ideas, processes, techniques, and procedures: This assessment objective tests knowledge of research design and data analysis and applying a theoretical understanding of psychology to real-life examples. However, because non-identical twins only share 50% of their genes, there is a chance that only one of them will inherit the genetics for the disorder but not the other. moral beliefs about right and wrong). A-Level Psychology (AQA) Revision Notes - Simply Psychology Group 1: 12 girls and 12 boys were shown a model hitting the doll with a hammer and shouting at the doll. 806 8067 22, Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE, A2 Psychology Paper 2: Approaches Powerpoint, AQA A-level psychology 16/16 model answers , AQA A-level Psychology 16/16 model answers , Marking my AQA A-Level Psychology 8-Marker: Wundt , What was left out of the advanced information - AQA . For example, according to the. Group 1 imitated specific aggressive acts that were displayed by the model. The assessment object requires students to show knowledge and understanding of psychological theories, terminology, concepts, studies, and methods. This behaviour makes the baby more likely to survive and pass on its genes because a baby that does not develop an attachment will be left to fend for itself in a dangerous environment and probably die before it gets the chance to procreate. Control. All people have an innate tendency towards growth and the fulfillment of their potential; they have the desire to become everything that they are capable of self-actualization. Instead, there are various cognitive processes in between that determine whether someone imitates a behaviour or not. Board: AQA. Behaviorism is very much on the nurture side of the debate as it argues that our behavior is learned from the environment. A level psychology - Approaches Flashcards | Quizlet Resources to help your study and revise for A-level Psychology. In another experiment, a rat was placed in a cage in which they were subjected to an uncomfortable electrical current. The concordance rate is the rate at which twins share the same trait. Self-actualisation means fulfilling your potential developing your abilities and skills, successfully deploying them, and enjoying doing so. Focus on observable behavior (behavior that can be seen). The topic also includes details on the origins of psychology. Psychological Approaches - SlideShare Then Pavlov sounded the bell ( neutral stimulus ) before giving the food. If psychological behaviours and psychological disorders have a genetic component (as the biological approach believes), then it follows that these psychological traits would be subject to evolution in the same way that physical traits are. According to Freud, our personality is composed of three parts (tripartite): To be mentally healthy, the ego has to be able to balance the demands of the ego and the superego. i.e. Model answers. When youre playing a game, for example, controller inputs are processed, which changes the output displayed on screen. As you get older, these become more detailed and sophisticated. Refer to Timmys behaviour in your answer. It has given rise to a new way of looking at peoples needs; for example, Maslows hierarchy of needs is widely used in health and social work as a framework for assessing clients needs. Group 3: 12 girls and 12 boys (control group) were not shown a model. According to this approach, people are self-determining, which means that they have free will they can make choices about the way they think and act. If the superego is dominant, the individual might develop a neurosis, e.g., depression. There was no difference in verbal aggression between boys and girls. The, Inner mental processes (e.g. 2. PAPER 2 - Approaches in Psychology. It emphasises the role of the unconscious mind in determining behaviour. Learning through association. Below, we summarise and evaluate five key approaches: Physiological Approach (Biological) The physiological approach assumes that biological factors influence our behavior and mental well-being in a cause-and-effect manner, in the same way as exposure to a disease can lead to illness. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which psychologist is best known in relation to the emergence of psychology as a science? Approaches in Psychology - Psychology A Level Psychoanalysts use psychoanalysis to identify and interpret these unconscious thoughts and their meanings, which then serve as a basis for treating psychological disorders. 10% of the examination will consist of mathematical questions at the GCSE level. Practical applications: The humanistic approach has yielded therapies that have helped people. These questions will cover basic arithmetic, data, and graphs. He argued that we learn through observation and imitation of others behavior. Despite this rigour, Wundt often found that reports were highly subjective and varied from person to person, which meant they were unreliable. Supporting evidence: The fact that concordance rates for behaviours and psychological disorders are often higher among monozygotic twins than dizygotic twins (e.g. A Level Psychology - Observing, Questioning and Interviewing. When unconscious conflicts between the Id and the superego cannot be resolved by the ego, they create anxiety. The approach is holistic as it does not try to break down behaviors into simpler components. According to Rogers, people could only self-actualize if they had a positive view of themselves (positive self-regard). These case studies used mainly unstructured interviews, so they yielded qualitative data. For example, controlling the environment where he conducted his introspection experiments would prevent this, Influential: Introspection and Wundts focus on the importance of inner mental processes can be seen to have influenced the, Unscientific: Despite Wundts attempts to study the mind, Advances in technology (particularly in the, The mind is a blank slate at birth and behaviour is learned from, The study of the mind should focus on external, The same processes that govern human behaviour also govern the behaviour of, Scientific: Behaviourism focuses on what is observable, measurable, and repeatable, which lends credibility to the study of psychology as a, Practical applications: Behaviourism has been successfully applied in several psychological contexts to produce desirable behavioural results. Self-actualisation is a growth need. A way of explaining behaviour in a way that is observable in terms of learning. Cognitive neuroscience is the study of the relationship between brain activity and mental processes. Pavlov demonstrated how dogs could be conditioned to salivate (a natural response to food) in response to a bell ringing (a neutral stimulus) by ringing the bell at the same time as presenting the dog with food. These conditions of worth create incongruity within the self between the real self (how the person is) and the ideal self (how they think they should be or want to be). Animals and humans learn in the same ways, so behaviorists carry out experiments on animals and extrapolate the results to humans. The deterministic approach also has important implications for psychology as a science. Brain imaging: fMRI and Pet scans are used to map areas of the brain to cognitive function because of the processing of information by centers in the brain to be seen directly. The cognitive approach recognises the importance of these mental processes and studies them (unlike e.g. It is a key assumption of the humanistic approach. Basically, schema covers a lot of things. For example, hearing a phone notification go off (even if its someone elses with the same tone) may cause you to instinctively reach into your pocket for your phone. They tend to think they will only be loved and valued if they meet certain conditions of worth. The biological approach is determinist as it sees our behavior as caused entirely by biological factors over which we have no control. A level psychology looks at the following psychological approaches: Note: A level students need to understand the basic assumptions of these 5 approaches and be able to evaluate and compare them with one another. A-Level Psychology (AQA): The Psychodynamic Approach - YouTube The concepts of Id, ego and superego are very abstract and difficult to test experimentally, so the evidence is obtained from case studies (. Sample: American children, 36 boys and 36 girls aged between 3-6 years old. Additionally, it could be argued that the unbalance in neurotransmitters, such as low. As part of his experiments, Wundt pioneered the technique of introspection.

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