July 12, 2021 21 Here's why Boston city councilors voted for and against the city budgets The Boston School Committee has raised the graduation standards for the Class of 2026 Following. It's time for Boston to start talking about closing its exam schools Please note that the Boston area Commonwealth charter schools are NOT part of the BPS district. Boston's Exam Schools Adopt A New Admissions Policy, Aiming To - WBUR Students currently in grades 5, 7, and 8 who are Boston residents are eligible to apply to attend an exam school in the fall of 2024. do not receive additional points. Elementary. As of May 7, 2023, test registration has CLOSED. A tier is a grouping of geographic areas in the city with similar socioeconomic characteristics, based on US Census Tracts. If any of those events didnt happen, I dont know where I would be today, said Ms. Louijeune, who is running for Bostons City Council. Carrie Jung Senior Reporter, EducationCarrie is a senior education reporter. You can learn more about exam schools here. Students must complete the entire MAP Growth test during a BPS test administration in order to receive a score. The number of eligible applicants for the exams schools was 1,283 in 7th grade, Boston Public Schools said, with 78% winning acceptance. As part of the application process, families must rank their preferences between the three exam schools (first choice, second choice, third choice, etc.). . Policies and Procedures: Superintendent's Circulars, Special Education Parent Advisory Council (SpEdPAC), Student Information System (SIS)/Family Portal, Classes, Workshops, Meetings & Events For BPS Families, Dismantling the School to Prison Pipeline, Boston Educational Development Foundation, Opportunity and Achievements Gaps Task Force, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. A vocal group of parents are up in arms as Boston Public Schools officials are on the verge of deciding on a new admissions process for the city's three exam schools. Waitlists will be created for grades 7 and 9 for all three exam schools, and for grade 10 for the OBryant school only. Given that this is a new policy and we have been told that many BPS families do not know about exam schools, we are taking the extra step of reaching out to families to ensure they are considering all of their options, BPS said. Parent Group Sues BPS to Block New Exam Schools Admissions Plan Parents of students not currently attending BPS must confirm their Boston residency in person at a BPS Welcome Center by, Educational Records Bureau (ERB): ERB, the makers of the ISEE, offers, ISEE Test Prep Book: The ISEE test prep book is available to. In 2019, voters elected a City Council that was, for the first time, dominated by women and people of color. The number of eligible applicants for the exams schools was 1,283 in 7th grade, Boston Public Schools said, with 78% winning acceptance. 2023 Best Colleges in Boston Area - Niche Appeals panel hears Boston parents' fight against exam school - WBUR Just before dinner on most weekdays, one can usually find 9-year old Isabella Kim playing an American Sign Language gamewith her 12 year old sister Madeline in their north end home. How to Apply to Boston Exam Schools - Boston Latin Exam Prep Students must reside in the City of Boston. In 2020, the school board agreed to eliminate the admissions test to its flagship math and science magnet school, only to face two lawsuits from families, many of them Asian American, who said the move had inflicted harm on their children. The Exam School Initiative is a two-week test preparation summer course designed to help your child prepare for the ISEE. We understand at the surface the process seems like it should be simple and that it should not take so long.. BPS response: There is no delay. Asian and white students have comprised an outsized majority of enrollment in city's prestigious exam schools, particularly at Boston Latin, compared to their overall presence in the city's public schools. Exam Schools Admissions Task Force - Boston Public Schools Boston Latin School O'Bryant School Source: Boston Public Schools, Office of Data and Accountability *Points is inclusive of invitees receiving 10 and 15 points A Flourish chart -. It is no surprise that the change is occurring now, as Boston itself has changed. Items on MAP Growth are strongly aligned to the Massachusetts Curriculum Framework grade-level standards and test students on material they have learned in school. Schools Boston exam schools and their admission standards are again the focus of controversy Black students make up 30.9 percent of district enrollment, but just 7.5 percent of students at Boston . Furthermore, student behavior is. Attendance for all 10 days is mandatory, so students must be able to attend the ESI in its entirety to qualify. New York City is wrestling with what to do with its exam schools. Exam Schools Admissions Task Force Membership Roster: Agenda|Arabic/ |Caboverdean/Caboverdeano|Chinese/| French/Franais|Haitian/Kreyl Ayisyen| Portuguese/Portugus| Somali/ Soomaali| Spanish/espaol|Vietnamese/Ting Vit, Draft minutes (*subject to approval by the Task Force)|Arabic/ |Caboverdean/Caboverdeano|Chinese/|French/Franais|Haitian/Kreyl Ayisyen|Portuguese/Portugus|Somali/Soomaali|Spanish/espaol|Vietnamese/Ting Vit, Agenda|Arabic/ |Caboverdean/Caboverdeano| Chinese/|French/Franais| Haitian/Kreyl Ayisyen| Portuguese/Portugus|Somali/ Soomaali| Spanish/espaol|Vietnamese/Ting Vit, Presentation: Exam Schools Task Force, June 28, 2021|Arabic/ |Caboverdean/Caboverdeano|Chinese/|French/Franais|Haitian/Kreyl Ayisyen|Portuguese/Portugus|Somali/Soomaali|Spanish/espaol|Vietnamese/Ting Vit, Agenda|Arabic/ |Caboverdean/Caboverdeano|Chinese/|French/Franais|Haitian/Kreyl Ayisyen|Portuguese/Portugus|Somali/ Soomaali|Spanish/espaol|Vietnamese/Ting Vit, Presentation: Exam Schools Task Force, June 24, 2021|Arabic/ |Caboverdean/Caboverdeano| Chinese/|French/Franais| Haitian/Kreyl Ayisyen| Portuguese/Portugus|Somali/ Soomaali| Spanish/espaol|Vietnamese/Ting Vit, Determining Eligibility|Arabic/ |Caboverdean/Caboverdeano| Chinese/|French/Franais| Haitian/Kreyl Ayisyen| Portuguese/Portugus|Somali/ Soomaali| Spanish/espaol|Vietnamese/Ting Vit, Minutes|Arabic/ |Caboverdean/Caboverdeano| Chinese/|French/Franais| Haitian/Kreyl Ayisyen| Portuguese/Portugus|Somali/ Soomaali| Spanish/espaol|Vietnamese/Ting Vit, Minutes|Arabic/ |Caboverdean/Caboverdeano|Chinese/|French/Franais|Haitian/Kreyl Ayisyen| Portuguese/Portugus|Somali/ Soomaali|Spanish/espaol|Vietnamese/Ting Vit, Minutes| Arabic/ |Caboverdean/Caboverdeano| Chinese/|French/Franais| Haitian/Kreyl Ayisyen| Portuguese/Portugus|Somali/ Soomaali| Spanish/espaol|Vietnamese/Ting Vit, Presentation: Exam Schools Admissions Task Force, June 4, 2021|Arabic/ |Caboverdean/Caboverdeano| Chinese/|French/Franais| Haitian/Kreyl Ayisyen| Portuguese/Portugus|Somali/ Soomaali| Spanish/espaol|Vietnamese/Ting Vit, Interactive Map: BPS Comparing 8 Tier Options, Presentation: Exam Schools Admissions Task Force, June 1, 2021|Arabic/ |Caboverdean/Caboverdeano| Chinese/|French/Franais| Haitian/Kreyl Ayisyen| Portuguese/Portugus|Somali/ Soomaali| Spanish/espaol|Vietnamese/Ting Vit, Presentation: Exam School Task Force, May 28, 2021|Arabic/ |Caboverdean/Caboverdeano| Chinese/|French/Franais| Haitian/Kreyl Ayisyen| Portuguese/Portugus|Somali/ Soomaali| Spanish/espaol|Vietnamese/Ting Vit, Presentation: Exam Schools Admissions Task Force, May 25, 2021|Arabic/ |Caboverdean/Caboverdeano| Chinese/|French/Franais| Haitian/Kreyl Ayisyen| Portuguese/Portugus|Somali/ Soomaali| Spanish/espaol|Vietnamese/Ting Vit, Presentation:The Use of Tests in Selective School Admissions, Lorrie A. Shepard, University of Colorado Boulder|Arabic/ |Caboverdean/Caboverdeano| Chinese/|French/Franais| Haitian/Kreyl Ayisyen| Portuguese/Portugus|Somali/ Soomaali| Spanish/espaol|Vietnamese/Ting Vit, Presentation: Exam Schools Admisisons Task Force, May 21, 2021|Arabic/ |Caboverdean/Caboverdeano| Chinese/|French/Franais| Haitian/Kreyl Ayisyen| Portuguese/Portugus|Somali/ Soomaali| Spanish/espaol|Vietnamese/Ting Vit, Presentation: Exam Schools Task Force, May 18, 2021|Arabic/ |Caboverdean/Caboverdeano| Chinese/|French/Franais| Haitian/Kreyl Ayisyen| Portuguese/Portugus|Somali/ Soomaali| Spanish/espaol|Vietnamese/Ting Vit, Presentation: Exam School Admissions Update, May 14, 2021|Arabic/ |Caboverdean/Caboverdeano| Chinese/|French/Franais| Haitian/Kreyl Ayisyen| Portuguese/Portugus|Somali/ Soomaali| Spanish/espaol|Vietnamese/Ting Vit, Presentation: Exam Schools Admissions Task Force, May 11, 2021|Arabic/ |Caboverdean/Caboverdeano| Chinese/|French/Franais| Haitian/Kreyl Ayisyen| Portuguese/Portugus|Somali/ Soomaali| Spanish/espaol|Vietnamese/Ting Vit, Presentation:Exam School Admission Update PowerPoint|Arabic/ |Caboverdean/Caboverdeano| Chinese/|French/Franais| Haitian/Kreyl Ayisyen| Portuguese/Portugus|Somali/ Soomaali| Spanish/espaol|Vietnamese/Ting Vit, Agenda|Arabic/ |Caboverdean/Caboverdeano|Chinese/|French/Franais|Haitian/Kreyl Ayisyen|Portugese/Portugus|Somali/ Soomaali|Spanish/espaol|Vietnamese/Ting Vit, Presentation:Exam High School Admissions, Detroit, MI, April 27, 2021|Arabic/ |Caboverdean/Caboverdeano| Chinese/|French/Franais| Haitian/Kreyl Ayisyen| Portugese/Portugus|Somali/ Soomaali| Spanish/espaol|Vietnamese/Ting Vit, Overview: MAP Growth|Arabic/ |Caboverdean/Caboverdeano| Chinese/|French/Franais| Haitian/Kreyl Ayisyen| Portugese/Portugus|Somali/ Soomaali| Spanish/espaol|Vietnamese/Ting Vit, Meeting Minutes|Arabic/ |Caboverdean/Caboverdeano| Chinese/|French/Franais| Haitian/Kreyl Ayisyen| Portuguese/Portugus|Somali/ Soomaali| Spanish/espaol|Vietnamese/Ting Vit, Presentation:Other District Admissions Processes|Arabic/ |Caboverdean/Caboverdeano| Chinese/|French/Franais| Haitian/Kreyl Ayisyen| Portugese/Portugus|Somali/ Soomaali| Spanish/espaol|Vietnamese/Ting Vit, Agenda|Arabic/ |Caboverdean/Caboverdeano| Chinese/|French/Franais| Haitian/Kreyl Ayisyen| Portugese/Portugus|Somali/ Soomaali| Spanish/espaol|Vietnamese/Ting Vit, Presentation:The Chicago Model for Selective High School Enrollment|Arabic/ |Caboverdean/Caboverdeano| Chinese/|French/Franais| Haitian/Kreyl Ayisyen| Portugese/Portugus|Somali/ Soomaali| Spanish/espaol|Vietnamese/Ting Vit, Presentation: Bridging Collectives: A Summit on Selectivity, Integration, and Equity at Elite Public High Schools|Arabic/ |Caboverdean/Caboverdeano| Chinese/|French/Franais| Haitian/Kreyl Ayisyen| Portugese/Portugus|Somali/ Soomaali| Spanish/espaol|Vietnamese/Ting Vit, Meeting Minutes|Arabic/ |Caboverdean/Caboverdeano| Chinese/|French/Franais| Haitian/Kreyl Ayisyen| Portuguese/Portugus|Somali/ Soomaali| Spanish/espaol|Vietnamese/Ting Vit, Presentation:Use of Socioeconomic/Tier Criteria in Other District Admissions|Arabic/ |Caboverdean/Caboverdeano| Chinese/|French/Franais| Haitian/Kreyl Ayisyen| Portugese/Portugus|Somali/ Soomaali| Spanish/espaol|Vietnamese/Ting Vit, Presentation:Admissions Recommendation Recap|Arabic/ |Caboverdean/Caboverdeano| Chinese/|French/Franais| Haitian/Kreyl Ayisyen| Portugese/Portugus|Somali/ Soomaali| Spanish/espaol|Vietnamese/Ting Vit, Presentation: Selective School Admissions: Options for Diversity|Arabic/ |Caboverdean/Caboverdeano| Chinese/|French/Franais| Haitian/Kreyl Ayisyen| Portuguese/Portugus|Somali/ Soomaali| Spanish/espaol|Vietnamese/Ting Vit, Article:Racial Diversity and Measuring Merit: Evidence from Bostons Exam School Admissions, March 13, 2021Community Listening Session. The Boston Globe reports, Changes in admission rules for Boston exam schools boosted diversity of accepted students: A temporary change in the admissions criteria for Boston's exam schools increased the diversity of the accepted applicants, particularly boosting the percentages of Black, Latino, and low-income students, according to data . BPS grades student work in alignment with DESEs curriculum frameworks. The updated 2022 Tier Map was reactivated on Wednesday, November 9, 2022 and now available to the public. For decades, admission has been based on a rank order of composite scores, which this year consist of only GPAs. An admissions test is required to apply. Students who do not receive an invitation to their top-ranked exam school will be eligible to be. Copyright 2002-2023 Blackboard, Inc. All rights reserved. Students in Cheryl Drakeford's third-grade class in Newark are trying Khanmigo, a new A.I.-assisted tutoring bot. The students score on the NWEA MAP Growth assessment will account for 30% of their admissions score. Students currently in grades 5, 7, or 8 and residing in the City of Boston are eligible to apply to one of our exam schools for September 2024 (Boston Latin Academy, Boston Latin School, and O'Bryant School of Math and Science). Outrage as woke school board axes advanced math classes for being - MSN Find out more about GreatSchools ratings . Please join us at one of these upcoming virtual events to get additional information and details on the new admission season. The admissions team will consider applicants within each group, admitting the top students in each tier in roughly equal numbers. Both can be found on your decision letter. The race to get into Boston's exam schools - The Boston Globe An earlier version of this article misspelled the surname of a man who recently graduated from Boston Latin School. Dozens of students wrongfully got denied admission to an exam school or didnt get their top choice, while others incorrectly got admitted, because of errors that occurred when BPS converted a variety of grading systems from different schools into a common GPA measure for exam school decisions. The letter must be original, notarized, on school district letterhead, and must be presented to the registration specialist with the BPS required residency documents during the verification period. Students will need to have a Grade Point Average (GPA) of a B or higher to be eligible to apply. Historically underrepresented Boston Public School (BPS) have been allotted extra seats for the ESI. Since the pandemic began, more . Please note that we do not accept appeals regarding final admissions decisions. BPS Welcome Services / Exam Schools Tier Map - Boston Public Schools The registration deadline for the ISEE is September 20, 2019. While the districts three exam schools dont get more city funding than other district schools, Kim believes that all the attention theyreceivecomes at the expense of other issues at BPS. Under the new plan, applicants will be ranked from highest to lowest based on their composite score (GPA and additional points if applicable) and assigned to one of the eight socioeconomic (SES) tiers based on their home address. The five major candidates for mayor have weighed in on the exam school admissions policy debate and they've also promised to invest equal time on bigger issues like updating district buildings and expanding access to rigorous material. MAP Fall Test - Students currently in private, parochial, Commonwealth charter, METCO program schools, or homeschool in grades 6, 8, and 9; current BPS 9th grade students; current BPS 8th grade exam school students. The one-year plan, passed unanimously by the Boston School Committee on Oct. 22 in response to challenges presented by the coronavirus pandemic, removes the requirement for applicants to complete an admissions BPS believes auditing oversight will help as it rolls out changes to the admission process, which began last year under a temporary plan that allocated seats by grades and student ZIP codes. Beginning with the 2022-2023 school year, BPS created waitlists for the three exam schools. Why, she asked, shouldnt they get a spot? Elementary School, Dr. William W. Henderson K12 Inclusion School, Horace Mann School for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, John D. O'Bryant School of Mathematics and Science, Blackboard Web Community Manager Privacy Policy (Updated). The same divisions have emerged in Boston. Students not currently attending BPS will submit their ranked school preferences during the Residency Verification period. I literally get sick to my stomach with the thought that we are going to alter a 350-year-old proven world-renowned pathway to a life of intellect. Boston Public Schools admits it sent incorrect exam school - WBUR These notifications are for students that ranked the exam schools and met the GPA requirement to apply for admissions to Boston Latin School, Boston Latin Academy, and John D. O'Bryant School. She isShirley Chen-Weng, notChang Wen. Residency verification and school rankings for students not currently attending BPS, MAP Fall Test - BPS students currently in grades 6 and 8. What about students like her? July 15, 2021 Max Larkin Boston Latin School. Featured Review: Freshman says Studying at the MIT has been an enlightening and enriching journey.The opportunity to learn from some of the most distinguished professors and work with bright, ambitious peers is unparalleled. The Independent School Entrance Exam (ISEE) is an admissions test used by the Boston Public Schools to determine entrance into one of three examinations schools. Half of non-BPS (private, parochial, charter, home-schooled) students who applied to exam schools got into BLS, twice the rate of BPS students. The previous 2021 exam school tiers were calculated with 2010 census tracts which counted about 181 tracts in Boston. Students who are not enrolled in BPS schools must take the test on Saturday, December 3, 2022. How to Apply to BPS Exam Schools: Everything You Need to Know | Boston A Grade Point Average (GPA) of a B or higher is required to be considered for admissions. The students GPA will account for 70% of their admissions score. BPS response: The exam school admission process has always included an algorithm for tie-breaking purposes when applicants have identical composite scores. The issue: BPS raised eyebrows among families when they mentioned in recent newsletters it was using outside auditors as part of the admission process, but provided scant details about the nature of their work and why they are involved. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google, Its Boston local news in one concise, fun and informative email. But at the time, he was trying to deal with a more pressing issue in his eyes: the extensive water damage at the Horace Mann School for the Deaf. You may access a MAP Growth demo by NWEA, intended for students to become familiar with the testing platform. Parents of the HS Class of 2024 - College Confidential Forums Please click this link for an interactive map where you can type in your address and determine what tier you live in. In Classrooms, Teachers Put A.I. Tutoring Bots to the Test Students will be placed in a seat based on their preference. This combined with changing application patterns could explain why some high schools were not "feeding" as well to some colleges. Our external auditors are now reviewing the qualification process and supporting work to finalize composite scores, and then qualifying applicants will be entered in the assignment round, the newsletter stated. The data used are the most recent 5-year averages of the 5 characteristics outlined above published by data.census.gov. The issue: Several parents became alarmed this month when they received what should have been good news. The stated goal of the updated admissions policy was to see enrollment in exam schools to more closely align with overall BPS enrollment so enrolling additional BPS students is a part of that strategy., Another perspective: Lawyers for Civil Rights supports the extra outreach, although parents are divided on it: Information is power. Exam School notifications for the 2023-2024 school year were sent via email on Friday, May 5th. It frustrates Kim that the Horace Mann School at the brink of a building closure hardly gets noticed. The effort to improve his daughter's school buildingends up feeling like a competition, he said. The residency verification must be completed even if a family has other children enrolled in Boston Public Schools; a student is receiving special education services from BPS; the parent or guardian is a current city employee; or if the student was previously enrolled in the BPS. Theres a misconception that were discriminating against others, but thats not true, because when we came here, we had nothing. These are some of the top-rated public schools in Boston based on a variety of measures, including academic performance and equity. "There are sharp rusty things coming out of the walls," explains Kim of the current conditions inside the school. An earlier version of this article misstated the surname of a woman who offered comments about proposed admission changes to Boston's selective exam schools. Education A golden ticket: Efforts to diversify Boston's elite high schools spur hope and outrage Exam schools loom large as symbols of opportunity and inequality in American public. Given the applicant pool tends to attract a disproportionate share of middle-class students, there are concerns about whether BPS will have enough applicants for each tier. Wants to borrow money to improve school facilities. She also wants to use the funds to increase district mental health supports and offer more compensatory services for students with disabilities. "I think its a perennial accompaniment of every mayors race that I can remember that people have claimed, candidates on both sides, that one of their number one priorities is the success of the Boston schools," he explained. The ESI will take place at Boston Latin School from August 1223, 2019, Monday-Friday, from 8:30 am to 1:00 pm. Entry into these exam schools is determined by the students grades and their performance on a district-identified assessment. The traditional admissions system, which its supporters defend as merit-based, ranked applicants according to grades and test scores. But the access is enormously important for the students, whose lives can be changed by the opportunity. Pulling back the curtain on Boston's new exam school admission process When students have identical composite scores, BPS randomly assigns numbers to break ties, but has insisted previously thats not a lottery. Wants to increase BPSs capital budget by 29%, Will prioritize learning loss, digital equity, and school building upgrades when spending one-time federal pandemic relief funding. 140. Follow him on Twitter @globevaznis. But others were in the mood to celebrate. Both girls are in the Boston Public Schools system. Copyright 2002-2023 Blackboard, Inc. All rights reserved. It is solely the responsibility of the Boston Public Schools.. Students living in housing owned by the Boston Housing Authority, in the care of the Department of Children and Families, or experiencing homelessness will receive an additional fifteen points. As Predicted, Boston "Zip Code Quota Plan" For Elite Public Schools John D. O'Bryant School accepts a small number of new students in grade 10. Students must have grades in each subject for the GPA to be calculated. However, if your child will be in 6th grade this fall (2019), its time to start preparing for a potential 7th grade option: one of Bostons exam schools. Students will have two opportunities to take the MAP Growth: Spring 2023 and Fall 2023. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Furthermore, student behavior is not considered when assigning academic grades. Students that do not meet the GPA of a B or higher will not be considered for admissions and the application will be closed. The students score on the NWEA MAP Growth assessment will account for 30% of their admissions score. Boston's new exam school policy should - The Boston Globe School-Based Prep: Depending on the school your child attends, your school may offer ISEE prep classes on their own. The contract also includes an important note: EY is not responsible or part of the decision making process to approve or decline a students application to the schools. And all four front-runners in Novembers election for mayor are women of color. Wants to use one-time federal pandemic relief funding to decrease disparities in classroom resources, increase district mental health resources and invest in teacher professional development. UMASS Boston political science professor Paul Watanabe said these promises tend to surface every election. But she defends the amount of time and effort the district spent on the exam school entrance policy this year, which will nowconsider socioeconomic factors in addition to grades and test scores. Current BPS students in grades 5 and 7 will receive a School Choice Form from their current school in late December 2023/early January 2024. students to Boston's exam schools, and about 60% of incoming students at BLS. BPS defines a marking period as any formal report card sent home in regards to a student's term grades. A checklist of the required documents is available here. Students must sit for the BPS administration of the MAP Growth test in either June or December 2022 in order to be considered for an exam school. "We understand its a jewel, but it should be a model of what should happen throughout the rest of the district.". Under the new plan, applicants will be ranked from highest to lowest based on their composite score (GPA and additional points if applicable) and assigned to one of the eight socioeconomic (SES) tiers based on their home address. How to Apply to Exam Schools Admissions Process Info Sessions Students currently in grades 5, 7, or 8 and residing in the City of Boston are eligible to apply to one of our exam schools for September 2024 (Boston Latin Academy, Boston Latin School, and O'Bryant School of Math and Science). Many school districts in the Greater Boston area use MAP to evaluate student learning and inform academic instruction. What are Exam Schools? John D. OBryant School of Mathematics and Science, one of Boston's exam schools. He is Ben Hofmann, not Hoffman. 137 The new admissions system for schools like Boston Latin School will still weigh test results and grades, but it will also introduce ways to select applicants who come from poor and. The exterior of Boston Latin. Invitations will be awarded through 10 assignment rounds with 10% of seats available in each tier. Students will have two opportunities to take the MAP Growth test to apply to the BPS exam schools - Spring and Fall. When WBUR toured the building in 2019the district had recently announced plans to close the building at the end of the 2022 school year, citing major structural issues. Previously, the ISEE was only offered on the weekend; this year, current 6th graders will have the opportunity to take the ISEE during the school day on Thursday, November 7, 2019. If your student is on a waitlist for exam schools, BPS will contact you if a seat becomes available. That doesnt mean every institution changed, or every policy. Theres a historical debt owed to families and students of color in Boston public schools, said Peter Piazza, an educational researcher, describing a litany of efforts to resist desegregation of city schools, including violent riots over busing that shook the city in the 1970s.

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