He was also immediately smitten by the Hollywood film industry, which inspired him to describe life as a Paramount picture, shown in serials and by installments, infinitely interesting, ever-fresh, ever-stirring, ever-complex.Footnote 40 But it was the spiritual climate that really made him feel at ease. He was a missionary, SRF's current president, Brother Chidananda, once said, evidently uncomfortable with the pejorative connotations of this label, of an ancient tradition of yoga meditation.Footnote 27 As Wendell Thomas observed in 1930, The swami is seeking to explain Christianity in the light of the supposedly deeper knowledge of Hinduism. How will scholarship application information be used? I then turn to the U.S. religious marketplace. Yogananda's approach was controversial among Indian swamis within Yukteswar's lineage, who groused that the learning of any spiritual discipline through easily available materials, such as, lessons, books, literature, lectures, seminars, and through organizations, is not the righteous way. To capture the full attention of his listeners, his voice ranged from whispered phrases to a great booming volume. The title is drawn from Yogananda's description of the purpose of his East-West magazine: An Illustrated Bi-Monthly Magazine Devoted to Spiritual Realization; Development of Body, Mind and Soul; Practical Metaphysics, Hindu Psychology. See cover, East-West, NovDec 1925. I begin by considering Yogananda's vision of the science of religion, language that reflected not a materialist reduction of yoga to somatic goals, but a precise, systematic meditation method designed to achieve God-contact through proper attunement of mind and body. 113 Ramacharaka, Correspondence Class Course, n.p. He prevented major car accidents that would have killed Dr. Lewis and, years later, Norman Paulsen and Leo Cocks. Amount: $500 Deadline: Monday, July 31, 2023. The bulk of the lesson consisted of detailed instruction on one element of concentration or meditation, including a philosophical introduction and practical implementation, often with sequential steps. 134 Visions of the Guru, Self-Realization Magazine, November 1952, 43. Award amounts per winner are designated by the donor. You can either make a mental list of the things you're grateful for first thing in the morning or right before bed, or write them down in a gratitude journal. A warm, magnetic personality, he became his own best advertisement, literally embodying the attractiveness of divine communion and displaying charisma in the original sense of a divine spiritual gift. 70 Marchand, Roland, Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity, 19201940 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), 27173Google Scholar. One researcher at the time perceptively noted, Swami Yogananda himself is the biggest advertisement for the Society, in spite of a newspaper announcement that Swami Yogananda keeps himself in the background. His face appears in newspapers and on billboards, in some of his books, and several times in his magazine. The link between mind, body, and soul has been around for thousands of . Hindu leaders who arrived in Los Angeles before Yogananda pioneered in efforts, largely unsuccessful, to reach out to white Americans. After many years of spiritual seeking, Ghosh found a mentor in Swami Sri Yukteswar, who taught a scientific Hindu pathway to divine encounter through Kriya Yoga, an esoteric variation of classical yoga. 28 Wendell Thomas, Hinduism Invades America (New York: Beacon Press, 1930), 140. Besides playing up his visual appearance by emphasizing his long hair, turban, and robes, he developed the aural impact of his dramatic performance, controlling the tone, volume, and pitch of his voice, as he undulated dramatically. 80 Joan Wight, A Trilogy of Divine Love (Beverly Hills: Joan Wight, 1992), 173. Los Angeles doctor Philip Lovell became a sort of 1920s public intellectual for health with his regular Los Angeles Times column, Care of the Body. Lovell was a naturopath who was deeply interested in all dimensions of healthenvironment, diet, mind, and exerciseand a cosmopolitan with at least some knowledge of many global traditions. It begins with the universal desire of humanity to know God, unveils the false and idolatrous substitutes humans find, and concludes with the liberating transformation that comes when people discover the truth. His central teaching, which undoubtedly contains modern and syncretic Western features, nevertheless retains key similarities to medieval yoga tradition, a unified body of practice, according to David Gordon White, whose goal of journeying to the highest reaches of transcendent being was achieved through yoking oneself (the meaning of the Sanskrit root from which the word yoga derives) to divine beings, including the absolute itself.Footnote 11 Fully accomplished yogis might perform the miraculous feats Patanjali delineated in the Yoga Sutras. Talk about an exercise that's as good for the mind as it is for the body. Detox For Life: Purify Your Mind, Body, And Soul| Josephine Collins But what I say is that we do not require to take note of these. 83 R. Laurence Moore, Selling God: American Religion in the Marketplace Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 10612; on commoditized religion, see 119. See also Swami Yogananda, Who is a Swami? East-West World Wide, January-February 1926, 16. If you have any questions about this scholarship or the Bold.org platform, just email contact@bold.org and well get back to you as quickly as we can. This includes addressing mental and emotional well-being, being aware of nutritional needs, and making exercise a core part of my lifestyle. 19 Joanne Punzo Waghorne, Beyond Pluralism: Global Gurus and the Third Stream of American Religiosity, in Gods in America: Religious Pluralism in the United States, eds. His first followers, Minot and Mildred Lewis believed that his supernatural powers healed their son, daughter, and Minot himself. Charles L. Cohen and Ronald L. Numbers (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), 233. January 22, 2021. 69 Levinsky, Sara Ann, A Bridge of Dreams: The Story of Paramananda, a Modern Mystic, and His Ideal of All-conquering Love (West Stockbridge, MA: Lindisfarne Press; New York, 1984)Google Scholar, passim, provides numerous examples of such women who were followers of Swami Paramananda. 127 Brenda Lewis Rosser, Treasures against Time, 67, 47, 53. On a somewhat different interpretation of the Yoga Sutras theism, see Gerald James Larson, Introduction to the Philosophy of Yoga, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, vol 12, eds. Amount: $500 Application Deadline: July 31, 2023 Scholarship Link: . In Encinitas, he even restored to life a woman thought to be dead.Footnote 128 Far from incidental, Yogananda's miraculous powers play an absolutely central role in SRF's theology, demonstrating the fundamental authority that authenticates his authority as a guru and the trustworthiness of his teachings. Mind, Body, & Soul Scholarship - financialaid.iastate.edu SRF promotes, in De Michelis's words, adherence to [the] school's own beliefs, rules and sources of authority. It is collectivist, tightly structured, makes demands on members, and has stable belief and organizational systems.Footnote 13 Because the various institutional dimensions of SRF cannot be pursued in detail here, this article focuses largely on the theological dimension that makes Yogananda's yoga-based movement notable.Footnote 14, As founder of a religious movement emphasizing soteriological goals, Yogananda is at odds with the prevailing scholarly portrayal of yoga as a modern, syncretic bodily practice focused on mindfulness and physical well-being that, even when employing the language of transcendence, magic, or the supernatural, typically has this-worldly perfection in mind. 2 (2014): 221. Deadline to apply: July 31st. His tone could be supercilious, but his intellectual openness to Indian traditions contributed a sense of tolerance to public discourse about Indians.Footnote 56 Similarly, Barclay L. Severns ran a weekly column beginning in November 1922, on health and fitness issues; he especially emphasized diet, exercise, posture, and breathing. } Once practitioners saw the physical and mental benefits of the exercises, he could teach them deeper metaphysical truths. Samuel Goldwyn, D. W. Griffith, William C. DeMille (the older brother of Cecil B. DeMille), actress Delores Del Rio, and dozens of other screen luminaries were in attendance. Physical exercise is critical to maintaining a healthy and fit lifestyle and should address both strength and cardio training. On the topics for the course, see Mrs. Max Heindel, Birth of the Rosicrucian Fellowship: The History of its Inception. Math Lover Scholarship. 26 Torkel Brekke, Conceptual Foundation of Missionary Hinduism, Journal of Religious History 23, no. About 15% are Black, 21% Asian, and 47% Latinx coming from all over the world to learn and grow together in Jersey City. In that way, he saves his body from the premature decay that overtakes most men, and can remain as long as he wishes in his present physical from; thus having time to work out his karma in one body; and to fulfil (and thus get rid of) all the various desires of his heart. . Carrying a water bottle instead of caffeinated, high-caloric beverages is set up for success. The winner will be publicly announced on Aug 31, 2023. This self discovery about the importance of a healthy mind and body if accomplished during college will last a lifetime. In 1910, after a number of difficulties with the New York leadership, Abhedananda was suspended from the organization, and began touring the country independently before departing the United States for good in 1921.Footnote 63 Both men made routine speaking visits to Los Angeles, although neither established a firm foothold in the city. Distance-education yoga allowed Yogananda to enroll a larger number of followers than he could ever have trained personally, and thus also provided a steady source of ongoing income. This scholarship aims to help college students cultivate healthy habits as they begin their college journey. Scholarships | Kishwaukee College To deepen one's skills, disciples should buy other Yogananda writings like Songs of the Soul, Scientific Healing Affirmations, and articles in back issues of East-West. We're awarding the Mind, Body, & Soul scholarship to help students make a healthy transition as they begin college, [] Only after World War II did it enjoy vitality in the United States. It is a necessary form of exercise for heart health. The $2,500 Mind Body and Soul Scholarship is an opportunity for students who are passionate about promoting mental health awareness. In the early twentieth century, advertising increasingly blurred consumer goods and the sacred.Footnote 70 Some observers characterized advertising itself as a kind of religion.Footnote 71 Advertising executive Bruce Barton, the son of a Congregational minister, penned The Man Nobody Knows, an immediate bestseller that revealed Jesus as a worldly man who displayed remarkable commercial acumen.Footnote 72 It is no surprise that Yogananda favorably reviewed Barton's book in 1926, proclaiming it original, gripping, alive! and recommending that all his students read it.Footnote 73 A growing body of scholarship explores the commercialization of yoga, a tradition that historically emphasized nonattachment to material possessions, by recent Indian gurus. Mind, Body, and Soul: A Spiritual Perspective on the Entrepreneurial Has data issue: false 93 This definition is a paraphrase of Julia Horne, Cosmopolitan Life of Alice Erh-Soon Tay, Journal of World History 21 (3) 422, which is in turn adapted from Kwame Anthony Appiah, Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strangers (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 2010). 10. These leaders generally understood their audience and couched their message in the language of modernity, emphasizing realization of the Self, the integration of science and religion, and the optimistic potential of reincarnation. Kinder to Grade 10 . To help students make a healthy transition as they begin college, Top Nutrition Coaching is awarding the Mind, Body, & Soul Scholarship to current or soon-to-be college students. 78 In 1928, Sid Grauman invited Yogananda to a Hollywood Association of Foreign Correspondents dinner in honor of Carl Laemmle. In promoting these products, Yogananda characteristically reinforced the link between mind, body, and spirit. The same goes for your shower! 122 See Andrew J. Nicholson, Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010), 36. Americans tended to collapse high-caste Indians, their culture, and fashion into a single exotic East of luxurious princedoms.Footnote 58 Unlike most other Americans, who could only learn about Indians through various media, residents of Los Angeles's diverse metropolis had the opportunity to encounter Hindus in person. 22 On Vivekananda's lack of yoga training, see Dermot Killingley, Manufacturing Yogis, in Gurus of Modern Yoga, 17. Poetic Praxis: Engaging Body, Mind, and Soul in the Social Foundations This appealed directly to the busy working person with only sporadic free time throughout the day.Footnote 106. To apply, write about what excites you the most about college and how you strive to maintain a healthy mind, body, and soul while facing the ups and downs of school. Jesse Chappus, D.C., is a chiropractor. "coreDisableEcommerceForElementPurchase": false, The format of Yogananda's yoga instruction was notable. Slowly start incorporating them into your daily routine and see how they positively affect your overall health: Find an exercise you enjoy, and start doing it regularly. Press accounts reported his death as a result of acute coronary occlusion or heart attack.Footnote 131 Devotees immediately understood that it was his mahasamdhi. Nor should He be thought as an Abstract, Impersonal Being full of His own power and glory, beyond the reach of all experienceeven our internal one. It presented a view of yogaalthough he used this word sparinglyas part of a coherent, systematic practice that would lead to the highest goal of religion, self-knowledge. He worked to make his message compelling in the often-hostile milieu of a dominant Christian culture. Although he used the English word Bliss instead of the Sanskrit word ananda, he argued that Bliss was the goal of life (which, for him, was identical to the experience of God), that the search for Bliss could be achieved only by destroying desire and attachment, and that behavior is shaped by innate tendencies known as saskras. If Yogananda used scientific language without compromising the soteriological goals of yoga, he also, like Yukteswar, used the language of Christian evangelicalism without adopting its theology. About Sugi Sugi Acupressure Detox For Life: Purify Your Mind, Body, And Soul| Josephine Collins, The Tragic Tale Of One Of The Most Hated Mobs|Steve Enderman, On Gravel, Calculus, & Gout: Chiefly An Application Of Professor Liebig's Physiology To The Prevention And Cure Of These Diseases|Jones Bence 1814-1873, The Complete Modern Comics - Pt. 24 On global competition, see Singleton and Goldberg, Introduction, 3. 105 He seems to have borrowed the exercises themselves from the Danish physical culturalist J. P. Muller, who made a similar pitch about the ability to practice these exercises in the midst of a busy life in the modern world. Leave your phone at home as you soak in every bit of the outdoors. It represented a dramatic departure from the face-to-face model of transmission from guru to disciple that swamis traditionally considered indispensable. This change can come at a cost, and new college students may find it challenging to care for their mental, physical, and spiritual health. To be sure, a number of scholars have explored modern yoga teachers, especially those headquartered in India, whose teaching and organizational structure emphasize soteriological goals.Footnote 15 But such figures remain minor themes in a dominant narrative that takes for granted that the ascendancy of reason, characterized by an emphasis on science, technology, and empirical thinking has forced the inevitable collapse of the sacred canopy.Footnote 16 Sarah Strauss summarizes the narrative trajectory of the field as a transformation from a regional, male-oriented religious activity to a globalized and largely secular phenomenon.Footnote 17 The secular teleology of yoga scholarship thus better explains Yogananda's neglect by scholars, because, as David Gordon White points out, any element of yoga that falls outside the modern-day sensus communis of yoga scholarship tends to be ignored.Footnote 18, Yogananda and SRF thus offer an important counterpoint to the dominant historiography of yoga. Depending on where you live, your tap water might contain harmful chemicals such as PFAS. 131 Guru's Exit, Time, August 4, 1952, 59; Funeral Rites for Yogananda Set for Tuesday, Los Angeles Times, March 9, 1952, 18; Religious Leader Dies: Paramhansa Yogananda Stricken at Dinner for Indian Envoy, New York Times, March 9, 1952, 92. Donald E. Pitzer (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 10. Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978), 24649Google Scholar. In his newspaper advertisements, he pragmatically acknowledged his teaching's entertainment value and American perceptions of Hindu speakers as novelty acts by placing ads in the entertainment section of local newspapers, as well as the religion section. He brushed off objections that Yogoda was a grammatically incorrect rendition of the Sanskrit and infelicitous because it sounded too much like his own name.Footnote 102 He used Yogoda in various ways: as the title of a 1923 booklet that addressed only the introductory energization exercises, as a brand name for his full proprietary yoga course (which subsumed the energization exercises as preliminary instruction), and as a title for his organization until he renamed it Self-Realization Fellowship in 1935.Footnote 103, His 1923 Yogoda or Muscle-Will System of Physical Perfection was the first product he marketed.Footnote 104 This booklet began by teaching proper posture, then guided practitioners through a set of energization exercises to concentrate on muscles and then to systematically tense and relax them.Footnote 105 His discussion of bodily benefits again evoked the language of science and medicine. Check the award amount for a detailed breakdown. -High school seniors, undergraduate students, and graduate students are eligible to apply With no institutional infrastructure, he lacked the ability to raise sufficient funds to make his dreams reality. They doggedly challenged pernicious Indian stereotypes, appropriated less critical Orientalist tropes, and patiently explained their beliefs. 73 Book Review: The Man Nobody Knows, East-West, May-June, 1926. 102 See Swami Satyeswarananda Giri, Kriya: Finding the True Path (San Diego: Sanskrit Classics, 1991), 14546. We will work with donors to review all applications according to the scholarship criteria. Like a physician, Yogananda provided a prescription, a frequency, and expected outcomes of Yogoda exercises: Fifteen minutes of practice a day would lead to remarkable results. To help students make a healthy transition as they begin college, Top Nutrition Coaching is awarding the Mind, Body, & Soul Scholarship to current or soon-to-be college students. In this article, I consider Southern California's identity as a spiritual frontier that offered a uniquely conducive space to launch a Hindu religious movement in a virulently xenophobic era. For students like myself, there are several ways to maintain a healthy lifestyle which can be implemented into a daily routine and once hardwired can last a lifetime. Yogananda died at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles, on March 7, 1952, on the night of a banquet in honor of independent India's first ambassador to the United States. How do you maintain a healthy mind, body, and soul amidst the challenges you face in school? Modi's views probably reflect more than a few scholars discomfort with gurus who remain firmly committed to a soteriological telos and a supramundane cosmology. What about college excites you the most? Spending time in nature is one of the best ways to relax your soul. Remember that point about tap water? 2 Brother Nakulananda, What is Meditation? Phone number 402-472-2030 for students and families Toll free: 800-742-8800 Ext. It also served as a precise idiom for articulating the practical, systematic techniques for achieving the timeless human goal of experiencing God. 91 Clark Davis, Corporate Reconstruction of Middle-Class Manhood, in The Middling Sorts: Explorations in the History of the American Middle Class, ed. 27 David Crumm, Conversation with an Eastern Voice, Now Part of America's Spiritual Culture, Read the Spirit, accessed September 6, 2017, https://www.readthespirit.com/explore/248-conversation-with-an-eastern-voice-now-part-of-americas/. Go for a hike and enjoy nature. Mind, Body, and Soul Scholarship - Office of Scholarship Services Healthy Eating Scholarship. The deadline to apply is July 31, 2023, and winners will be announced on August 31, 2023. If the methods suggested are practised in right earnest you will know yourself to be Blissful spirit and in it you will feel God.Footnote 37. All rights reserved. William Deverell and Greg Hise (Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), 449. It is puzzling in light of the penchant of contemporary Indians and Indian Americans to refer to him, with some hyperbole, as India's first guru in the U.S.Footnote 5 or the teacher who first introduced the modern world to the transformative power of yoga as a timeless inner discipline.Footnote 6 In 2017, Prime Minister Narendra Modi, in commemorating the centennial of Yogananda's first Indian ashram, praised the way he made spirituality so approachable and tangible that in these hundred years since he started it, his work has become a worldwide movement, a perennial resource of spiritual understanding.Footnote 7. Staying fit and healthy physically and emotionally is something that has become second nature to me. See Obituary, Los Angeles Times, July 25, 1902, 2. Although he described God-contact in many ways, his most common language reflected intimate encounter with a personal Being more in line with the bhakti tradition than with the austerity of Advaita Vedanta's impersonal Brahman, a depiction that resonated well with his U.S. audiences. 89 See Los Angeles Times, November 7, 1925, A2. Extra Space Storage College Scholarship. Learner Algebra Scholarship. 11 Easy Ways to Connect Your Body, Soul, and Mind College opens many doors and teaches young adults how to live independently. Daily bathing cleans the body pores and keeps the sweat glands working properly, eliminating impurities. This was a spiritual practice recommended by the Hindu savants, who taught that the person who bathes daily and keeps the pores of his body open, helps his increased body heat to escape through these pores. Adequate exercise and rest were vital. 139 Cited in Self-Realization Fellowship, Prime Minister of India Meets With YSS Monks, News (April 4, 2016), accessed November 3, 2016, http://www.yogananda-srf.org/NewsArchive/2016/YSS_meeting_with_Modi.aspx#.WBz8WztjrzI. I explore Yogananda's vision of the science of religion, language that reflected not a materialist reduction of yoga to somatic goals, but a precise, systematic meditation method designed to achieve God-contact. 5 Paramhansa Yogananda: India's First Yoga Guru in the U.S., Times of India (March 6, 2015), accessed April 23, 2016, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/us-canada-news/Paramhansa-Yogananda-Indias-first-yoga-guru-in-the-US/articleshow/46475029.cms. FAX number 402-472-9826. College opens many doors and teaches young adults how to live independently. Vivekananda's death only earned a terse obituary in the Times. 124 Stuart Ray Sarbacker, The Numinous and Cessative in Modern Yoga, in Yoga in the Modern World: Contemporary Perspectives, eds. Enter your ZIP code into EWG's Tap Water Database to see what's in your community's supply, and consider investing in the right filter for your water. Los Angeles News, East-West, July-August 1928, 25. Our being, consciousness, feeling are limited, and empirical, those aspects of His are unlimited and transcendental. At the same time, he simultaneously advanced a view of God as transcendent and personal. 100 Swami Yogananda, The Balanced Life: Curing Mental Abnormalities, East-West, November-December 1925, 2021. 3 (Winter 1975): 539. Two extensive bodies of texts that have not been systematically studied by previous scholars, his East-West magazine and his yoga correspondence course, routinely emphasize the centrality of God-realization. Soon titled Three Recipes, the column offered helpful tips on Spiritual, Intellectual, and Health issues. Fight the liquor habit!Footnote 96, Physical health, however, involved more than good diet. He, furthermore, seems to have made intellectual development a relatively low priority, his admonitions to others notwithstanding. Your Health Journey Scholarship. See Los Angeles Times, January 29, 1911, IV1. The lack of a single population center and the geographic openness of the Los Angeles Basin allowed religious diversity to flourish despite Protestant hegemony; groups literally had space to invent their own traditions largely free from the pressure of cultural elites. Yogananda's search for God is the central plot of his famous autobiography, which mentions God, deity, the divine, and divinity more than six hundred timesmore than his combined references to yoga and yogis. When he arrived in Los Angeles in January, 1925, he felt at home in the United States for the first time since his arrival five years earlier and immediately decided to relocate there. 132 Faye Wright letter to Self-Realization Fellowship Members, March 19, 1952, in author's possession. Challenging the widespread assumption that the practice's benefits for stress reduction, physical health, and better brain functioning captured its essence, he averred that meditation serves, above all else, as a pathway to the Divine. His assessment that the supreme purpose of meditation is to know God, to reunite the individual soul with Spirit, directly echoed the founder of his organization, Paramahansa Yogananda, who, according to Nakulananda, taught several definite scientific techniques for attaining direct, personal experience of God, the most significant of which was Kriya Yoga.Footnote 2, Before Anya P. Foxen's recent work,Footnote 3 scholars of yoga had largely ignored Yogananda, even while acknowledging his significance.Footnote 4 This omission is both puzzling and instructive. Abandoning the lecture circuit, he established his international headquarters in Oceanside, California, offering the fruitage of true esoteric research through a series of nearly one hundred monthly lessons on topics that included Spiritual Research, Etheric Sight, The Dangers of Excessive Bathing, and The Color Effects of Emotion in Assemblages of People.Footnote 112. By the early 1930s, the lessons followed a consistent sequence. The terms and conditions for this scholarship can be found here. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, The Path: Autobiography of a Western Yogi, http://www.worldreligionnews.com/featured-contributors/meditation-teachings-paramahansa-yogananda, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/us-canada-news/Paramhansa-Yogananda-Indias-first-yoga-guru-in-the-US/articleshow/46475029.cms, http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/ranchi/yoga-modern-civilisations-great-movement.html, http://www.yogananda-srf.org/NewsArchive/2017/India_s_Prime_Minister_Releases_Stamp_Commemorating_YSS_Centennial.aspx#.Weo1KlKZOV4, http://www.yogananda-srf.org/Paramahansa_Yogananda.aspx#.WZBZFFKZORs, https://www.readthespirit.com/explore/248-conversation-with-an-eastern-voice-now-part-of-americas/, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DldQmH7Md0A, https://yssofindia.org/about/A-Special-Message-From-the-YSS/SRF-Board-of-Directors, https://members.yogananda-srf.org/CenterSearch/SearchMap.aspx, http://www.yogananda-srf.org/NewsArchive/2016/YSS_meeting_with_Modi.aspx#.WBz8WztjrzI, http://www.narendramodi.in/pm-modi-releases-special-commemorative-postage-stamp-on-100-years-of-yogoda-satsanga-math-534638, http://www.yogananda-srf.org/About_Self-Realization_Fellowship.aspx#.We_Cv1KZOV4.

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