110 (1), 383395. GEF/UNDP/IMO PEMSEA and MBEMP, 69. Due to intensive anthropogenic activities and mismanaged plastic waste and dumping within the watershed of the bay, the surface waters and sediments of the bay may accumulate high concentration of microplastics. A Model for the Wind Driven Circulation of Manila Bay. 5:372. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00372, van Emmerik, T., Loozen, M., Van Oeveren, K., Buschman, F., and Prinsen, G. (2019a). Nat. Sources and Sinks of Microplastics in Canadian Lake Ontario Nearshore, Tributary and beach Sediments. Environ. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.05.026, Van Cauwenberghe, L., Devriese, L., Galgani, F., Robbens, J., and Janssen, C. R. (2015). Tot. DILG Takes the Lead in Institutionalizing Regular Monthly Clean Up at (1972). Toxicol. The results from our paper suggest retention of plastics in river estuaries, emphasizing the crucial role that tidal dynamics play in the movement of plastics in coastal sections of river networks. Res. Emission of Primary Microplastics in mainland China: Invisible but Not Negligible. Mar. The City of Meycauayan is considered as one of the most polluted cities in the developing world on the account of industrial discharges of toxic materials to the environment. Groundwater Sustain. (2016), Argota et al. 18), 500-m (No. (2018). TABLE 3. Asia, 261267. This is the first extensive microplastic study in Manila Bay. Effect of sea level rise or sea level change can be seen on the map. Environ. The succession of the city's administration was put into question by a series of legal cases between two then-Mayors. Prevalence of Microplastics in Singapore's Coastal marine Environment. Lusher, A. L., McHugh, M., and Thompson, R. C. (2013). 46 (6), 30603075. PUBLIC INTEREST STATEMENT The impacts of mining activities through the expulsion of mine wastes pose a serious threat to human life, vegetation and animals across the globe. Sci. Mar. doi:10.14456/ea.2016.7. Results showed delineated locations of severe levels of heavy metal pollution downstream because of the concentration of industrial activities. Pollut. Sci. During the revolution, which was set off by the execution of Dr. Jose Rizal in 1896, Meycauayan contributed its share in the fight against the Spanish conquistadores. Geochem. The role of the Ro de la Plata bottom salinity front in accumulating debris. Sci. Filters were air dried and subsequently sealed individually in Petri dishes. Meycauayan station The bay is primarily used for international and local port and harbor, fishing ground, aquaculture, and other maritime activities (Prudente et al., 1994). EO conducted the experiment and ran analyses. Macrodebris and Microplastics from Beaches in Slovenia. Preliminary Water and Sediment Quality Assessment of the Meycauayan Bull. 2, 92100. (2019). 121, 2235. (2018). After all the visible organic matter were removed, density separation method was applied which allowed the high-density polymers to float. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.05.026, Zhang, H. (2017). The size range of these microplastics were still considered visible to the naked eye. FIGURE 6. A., Diola, M. D., and Tanchuling, M. A. N. (2018). Pollut. The current 11-day field assessment does not cover the seasonal cycle in riverine plastic flux, which has shown to vary over up to two order of magnitudes (Castro-Jimnez et al., 2019; van Emmerik et al., 2019b; Schirinzi et al., 2020). The Sangguniang Panlungsod is the legislature of the government of Meycauayan. More extensive studies in different waterbodies, and other environmental compartments with sampling in both wet and dry periods to account the effect of seasonal aberration in the abundance and distribution of microplastics are recommended to provide a clear overview on the extent of microplastic pollution in the country. In terms of the microplastic size extracted from the sediment samples, it is observed in Figure 3 that the sizes were relatively evenly distributed in each study site as compared to the distribution of sizes of microplastics collected in the surface water samples. 10 3 items per hour). Analyzed sheet particles were mostly PP and HDPE. doi: 10.1016/j.gsd.2018.01.004, Lasut, M. T., Weber, M., Pangalila, F., Rumampuk, N. D., Rimper, J. R., Warouw, V., et al. (PA) 1206kHz (Audiovisual Communicators) (Soon to air), The Parish Church of St. Francis of Assisi, Old Municipal Hall in Poblacion (later demolished and replaced by Meycauayan Convention Center). Mar. Contributing to marine Pollution by Washing Your Face: Microplastics in Facial Cleansers. Since all sampling were conducted during Northeast monsoon, the effect of winds could possibly contribute to the high abundance of microplastics collected in the rivers of Meycauayan and Tullahan as the direction of the flow of the winds is in counterclockwise direction. OpenStreetMap ID. The sediments in each sieve were transferred to their respective glass containers. 28 (1), 3943. 137, 362374. FIGURE 7. Reg. EPS has a low density and will not be suspended in the water column. (1972). Microplastics are recently considered as an emerging pollutant, and these are divided into primary and secondary (Andrady, 2011; Wang et al., 2019). Navigational threats by derelict fishing gear to navy ships in the Korean seas. Bull. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Sci. The length and area of microplastics were analyzed using the ToupView software equipped with the digital microscope calibrated to a standard. Environ. Fragment as illustrated in Figure 3 is the most dominant shape across all samples. Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands. 6:642. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00642, Vriend, P., Van Calcar, C., Kooi, M., Landman, H., Pikaar, R., and Van Emmerik, T. (2020). Sci. Films were also significantly abundant in all samples especially in the rivers of Caas and Pasig as the mouth of these two rivers were surrounded by large residential settlements wherein direct littering and rampant garbage dumping were observed. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.175, Paler, M. K. O., Leistenschneider, C., Migo, V., and Burkhardt-Holm, P. (2021). Feeding Ecology and Predation of marine Fish Larvae. 67, 9499. Chang, K. H., Amano, A., Miller, T. W., Isobe, T., Maneja, R., Siringan, F. P., et al. (1985). It is bounded by the town of Marilao to the north, the two Metro Manila cities of Valenzuela to the south and Caloocan (North) to the east, and the town of Obando to the west. See criteria for comments and our Diversity statement. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 86, 8388. . Significant inputs of Pb and Hg from Pb-acid battery recycling and gold smelting industries were also found. Pollut. Earth Sci. 62 (12), 25882597. (2016). 4:86. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00086, Gorme, J. Macroplastic storage and remobilization in rivers. Editors F. Stock, G. Reifferscheid, N. Brennholt, and E. Kostianaia (Quezon City: Springer), 122. 115 (12), 2028. The authors declare that this study received funding from The Ocean Cleanup. Zaat, L. (2020). Seasonal Distribution and Interactions between Plankton and Microplastics in a Tropical Estuary. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.04.025, Free, C. M., Jensen, O. P., Mason, S. A., Eriksen, M., Williamson, N. J., and Boldgiv, B. Bull. Front. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.05.064, Laglbauer, B. J. L., Franco-Santos, R. M., Andreu-Cazenave, M., Brunelli, L., Papadatou, M., Palatinus, A., et al. Environ. 15, 173179. doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.06.007, Vianello, A., Boldrin, A., Guerriero, P., Moschino, V., Rella, R., Sturaro, A., et al. (2017). Science 347, 768771. Pollut. The Meycauayan River running through the province of Bulacan is on the verge of mercury and heavy metal toxicity. Copyright 2020 van Emmerik, van Klaveren, Meijer, Krooshof, Palmos and Tanchuling. The observed morphological patterns such as scratches, creases, micro-pores, and cracks, among others in the extracted microplastic particles indicate that their source from the degradation of products such as plastic containers, packaging materials, and ropes (Zhang et al., 2016). Wild Gudgeons (Gobio gobio) from French Rivers Are Contaminated by Microplastics: Preliminary Study and First Evidence. TE, JK, and JWK have previously been employed by The Ocean Cleanup. Abundance and Characteristics of Microplastics in beach Sediments: Insights into Microplastic Accumulation in Northern Gulf of Mexico Estuaries. Riverine plastic emission from Jakarta into the ocean. version is published. EarthArXiv [Preprint]. For sediment sampling at each of the five sites, three sediment samples, were gathered using an Ekman grab sampler (0.1m2) and a scoop with minimal disturbance. JK, JWK, and TE: formal analysis. 78, 252-257. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.11.011, Jambeck, J. R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T. R., Perryman, M., Andrady, A., et al. It is also the province's largest parish with an estimated population of about 80,000 parishioners. Environ. A. Changes in Bathymetry and Their Implications to Sediment Dispersal and Rates of Sedimentation in Manila Bay. In Bulacan, Philippines, industries involved in electronics, metalworking and jewelry are forced to discharge copper-containing wastes to the Meycauayan-Marilao-Obando River System (MMORS). Plastic debris in rivers. Readers who post comments are obliged to declare any competing interests, financial or otherwise. Context 1 . GESAMP No.. London. (2020) as an alternative to the manta net. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Manila Bay: Refined Risk Assessment. A methodology to characterize riverine macroplastic emission into the ocean. 37 (2), 159170. Microplastics in the marine Environment. Bull. Reducing Mercury and Heavy Metals Contamination in Meycauayan River 128, 223233. Mar. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2015.04.023, Zhang, K., Shi, H., Peng, J., Wang, Y., Xiong, X., Wu, C., et al. Assessment of the Effect of Remediation Strategies on the Environmental : Received: 15 June 2021 / Approved: 16 June 2021 / Online: 16 June 2021 (10:34:20 CEST). Sanitation 4 (3), 187195. 85, 156163. (2016). It was found that these metals range from moderately contaminated to contaminated for most of the elements. Organic Pollutants in Microplastics from Two Beaches of the Portuguese Coast. As the Philippines also regularly experiences extreme weather conditions (Onda et al., 2020), such as cyclones, additional plastics can be expected to be introduced into the river network during such events. Pollut. Primary microplastics such as pellets that are mainly used as raw materials for manufactured plastic products (Hidalgo-Ruz et al., 2012; McDermid and McMullen, 2004), were extracted in most of the samples for both surface waters and sediments, indicating the contribution from the industry. 62, 377381. Pollut. Numerous fishing activities, aquaculture, and harbors for canoes and bancas present in the sampling areas could be considered as main contributors to the presence of lines and fibers in the samples. (2016). doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.09.027, Van Cauwenberghe, L., Claessens, M., Vandegehuchte, M. B., Mees, J., and Janssen, C. R. (2013). J. Appl. 5:6. doi: 10.1057/s41599-018-0212-7, Lebreton, L. C., Van der Zwet, J., Damsteeg, J.-W., Slat, B., Andrady, A., and Reisser, J. Evaluating future stress due to combined effect of climate change and rapid urbanization for Pasig-Marikina river, Manila. A., Costa, M. F., Silva-Cavalcanti, J. S., and Arajo, M. C. B. The observation length was of limited duration, and measurements were only done during the day. 150, 110685110694. Low-density polymers including PP, PE, PS and PU particles are expected to float in surface water because their densities are lower as compared to freshwater. doi: 10.1007/s10584-019-02535-1. Lines and fibers were also identified in the samples for all sites. Pollut. Res. Pollut. Occurrence of Surface Sand Microplastic and Litter in Macajalar Bay, Philippines. Environ. Simon-Snchez, L., Grelaud, M., Garcia-Orellana, J., and Ziveri, P. (2019). doi: 10.4491/eer.2010.15.3.173, Hong, S., Lee, J., and Lim, S. (2017). In May 2023, Frontiers adopted a new reporting platform to be Counter 5 compliant, in line with industry standards. 79, 278283. Pollut. PET was only identified in the surface water sample of Caas River while PP and PE were present in all sampling sites (Figure 3). Pollut. Water Res. Environ. (2020). No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. The Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando River System (MMORS) is cited as one of the 30 most polluted rivers in the world by the Blacksmith Institute in 2008 due to its huge discharge and accumulation for years of industrial and domestic pollutants. Copy, Diwa, R.; Deocaris, C.; Orbecido, A.; Beltran, A.; Vallar, E.; Galvez, M.C. Earth's Future 2, 315320. doi: 10.2166/h2oj.2019.001, Gonzlez-Fernndez, D., and Hanke, G. (2017). Sci. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.093, Yonkos, L. T., Friedel, E. A., Perez-Reyes, A. C., Ghosal, S., and Arthur, C. D. (2014). Comments must be written in English. 9:719274. doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2021.719274. Open Location Code. The abundance of these fragments maybe attributed to indiscriminate waste dumping and mismanaged plastic wastes as evidenced by the amount of macroplastics observed during sampling. Abundance of plastic debris across European and Asian rivers. 59, 185191. In this case, only related studies that used similar quantification units (particles/m3 for surface water; particles/kg of dry weight for sediment) for the abundance of microplastics were gathered as shown in Table 3. Flow measurements and water tracing, in Caving Practice and Equipment, ed D. Judson (Cordee-Leicester/British Case Research Association), 167178. Bull. For the reliability of data, only those spectra with matching score of more than 70% with the standard database were accepted (Zhao et al., 2018). Pollut. The Meycauayan River segment, in Bulacan, the Philippines, is part of the Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando river system and was included in the 2007 "The Dirty Thirty" list by the Blacksmith Institute/Pure Earth. On the other hand, concentrations of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cr, and Cd were measured in the tests of the two most common living species of benthic foraminifera (Sorites marginalis and Peneroplis planatus). Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal . Based on previous studies, it was found out that fish may mistakenly feed on microplastics with colors of white, brown, and yellow that most closely resemble their zooplankton prey (Shaw and Day, 1994; Boerger et al., 2010). Tramoy, R., Gasperi, J., Colasse, L., and Tassin, B. PH MEY. Front. Several factors including origins, debris quality, breakdown of plastics, and plastic sinking rate could control the plastic distribution, hence diverse shape distributions in the sampling areas were identified (Critchell and Lambrechts, 2016). The Microplastics in Metro Manila Rivers: Characteristics, Sources, and Abatement, in The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Mar. The members of the Sangguniang Panlungsod, often referred to as councilors are either elected or ex-officio and includes a city's vice mayor who serves as the presiding officer. The cleanup is part of the effort to clean Manila Bay and its tributaries. Transfer dynamic of macroplastics in estuariesnew insights from the seine estuary: Part 1. Shoes, bags and every kind of leather product has been traditionally manufactured here. Laboratory Methods for Analysis of Microplastics in the marine Environment: Recommendations for Quantifying Synthetic Particles in Waters and Sediments. 62 (8), 15961605. Environ. The Department of the Interior and Local Government Regional Office III (DILG RIII) led the Clean-up and Tree-planting activity held last November 9, 2012 in the City of Meycauyan, Bulacan in its effort to save the Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando River System (MMORS) and to institutionalize regular clean up activity conducted every first Saturday of the month. Bull. Onda, D. F. L., Gomez, N. C. F., Purganan, D. J. E., Tolentino, M. P. S., Bitalac, J. M. S., Calpito, J. V. M., et al. 42, 13301334. City of Meycauayan, Bulacan - Facebook In 2007, he ran once more but lost to Eduardo Alarilla's wife, Joan Alarilla (Mr. Alarilla has then reached the three-term limit imposed by law). Meycauayan River - also known as the Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando River System - is considered one of the dirtiest rivers in the world in 2007. Mar. 77, 177182. The abundance of microplastics ranges from 580 to 57,665 particles/m3 in surface water and 386 to 1,357 particles/kg in dry sediment. Lumongsod, S. L. R., and Tanchuling, M. A. N. (2019). Mar. Heavy Metal Pollution in Soil and Surface Sediments of Meycauayan River Received: 03 June 2021; Accepted: 16 August 2021;Published: 03 September 2021. Aerosols were collected on May 2016 during the same time that water samples were collected. Interdiscip. It is possible that the adhesive material stuck on the particle was identified by ATR-FTIR instead of the polymer make-up of the sheet itself. High-density sodium chloride (NaCl; 1.202g/cm3) was added to the mixtures of the samples (Galgani et al., 2013). Mar. Dyes Pigm. These particles were also identified in the sediments of all study sites in low quantities. 7:545812. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.545812. (2019). High prevalence of blue-colored microplastics in the aquatic environment could increase the likelihood of ingestion since some marine fishes reportedly ingested blue microplastics as food (Gven et al., 2017; Ory et al., 2017). FIGURE 1. These were identified as PP, PE and PET. It is known for its low-priced jewelries. It is important to gather baseline information to minimize health and environmental risks posed by these microplastics in the future, specifically to the water quality of marine and freshwater environment, marine biota and even to human consumption and health. Meycauayan River is a Water located in Meycauayan, PH . Location: Meycauayan River, Valenzuela, Bulacan, Metro Manila, 3060, Philippines (14.73338 120.93160 14. . In its report, "The Worlds Worst Polluted Places" for 2007, Pure Earth said: "Industrial waste is haphazardly dumped into the Meycauayan, Marilao and Obando River system, a source of drinking and agricultural water supplies for the 250,000 people living in and around"[26][27] the Meycauayan-Marilao area. River plastic emissions to the world's oceans. Science 347, 768771. Marilao River is situated nearby to the locality Koloong and the quarter Bayugo. This festival takes place every 2nd Sunday of May in Barangay Liputan. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02368. Pollut. This bay serves as an important area for fishing ground and aquaculture activities, hence the occurrence of microplastics in this bay will likely impact on marine organisms and the entire food web through bioaccumulation. Moreover, the shape of microplastics were modified by different forces such as the actions from tides and waves (Karthik et al., 2018). Social media as a novel source of data on the impact of marine litter on megafauna: the Philippines as a case study. Microplastics in Freshwater Systems: a Review of the Emerging Threats, Identification of Knowledge Gaps and Prioritisation of Research Needs. Wikidata ID. Bull. DP is employed by Science of Identity Foundation. (2015) that in 2010, the country has been identified as the third largest contributor of plastic wastes in the ocean globally and that about 1.01 million tonnes of plastic waste is mismanaged by the country in 2016 (Law, et al., 2020). This was done as a compromise between labor and cost which was also done by Peng et al., 2017. Mar. Preprints.org 2021, 2021060439. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202106.0439.v1, Diwa, R., Deocaris, C., Orbecido, A., Beltran, A., Vallar, E., Galvez, M.C., & Belo, L. (2021). Environ. Bull. "It is unfortunate that the Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando River System was named one of the 30 dirtiest places in 2007, but we take this as a challenge to turn the situation around, or at least gradually . Total Environ. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Bull. The extracted microplastics were examined and photographed using a 3.1-Megapixel CMOS camera connected to a ST-7045 Stereo microscope with magnification of 10x to 40x. Vulture area, southern Italy, Evaluation of Sources and Ecological Risk of PAHs in Different Layers of Soil and Groundwater, Lead (II) Tolerance and Uptake Capacities of Fungi Isolated from a Polluted Tributary in the Philippines, HEAVY METALS IN SEDIMENTS, MUSSELS, SEAGRASS AND MARINE WATER OF SARANDA BAY, ALBANIA, A Multi Scale Minero-chemical Analyses of Biomass Ashes: A Key to Evaluate their Danger vs Benefit, Assessment of environmental hazards at abandoned mining sites: A case study in Sardinia, Italy, Copper uptake potential of Philippine giant bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) under varied initial copper concentration, water hardness and pH. Based on the study of Siringan and Ringor (1998), the transport direction of surface sediment is southward off Pampanga and northeastward off Cavite. Pollut. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-07708-5, Meijer, L. J. J., van Emmerik, T., Lebreton, L., Schmidt, C., and van der Ent, R. (2019). Macro-litter in surface waters from the Rhone river: plastic pollution and loading to the NW Mediterranean sea. (2019). Microplastic Pollution in the Surface Waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes. With regards to the wind transport in the bay, individual average wind blow at specific period of the year-controlled bays circulated gyres differently as simulated by De Las Alas and Sodusta (1985). 640-641, 637645. 62, 21992204. 70, 10551064. (2020). 52, 761767. Preliminary Water and Sediment Quality Assessment of the Meycauayan Future scenarios of global plastic waste generation and disposal. Sci. Moreover, blue microplastics were also frequently found in clams (Shi, 2018). doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.11.025, Ng, K. L., and Obbard, J. P. (2006). All samples were collected from October 2018 to March 2019. Widespread Distribution of Microplastics in Subsurface Seawater in the NE Pacific Ocean. High abundance of colored plastics, especially colored fragments, attributed to the broad usage of coloration in the manufacturing, since coloration is used to attract consumers of plastic products (Thetford et al., 2003). Muzon River Drains water from Malabon and Bulacan. ; Belo, L. Meycauayan, an Industrial City in Bulacan, Philippines: Heavy Metal Pollution in Soil and Surface Sediments and Their Relationship to Environmental Indicators. It is held every fourth of October.[23]. Reconstruction and rehabilitation of infrastructure facilities were made possible through the assistance of the provincial and national governments. Personal protective equipment like laboratory gowns, safety masks and nitrile gloves were always worn by the investigators during the experiment and analysis. 200). Res. Transport of Microplastics in Coastal Seas. 598, 11161129. Spatial Patterns of Plastic Debris along Estuarine Shorelines. Hunter, J. R. (1981). Polytechnic College of the City of Meycauayan is under the funding and management of the City Government, currently located at Pag-asa Street, Barangay Malhacan. PET bottles were commonly collected and sold to junkshops; hence this might be one of the reasons why PET particles were barely identified in the samples. This is likely due to the air injected into the foam, specifically Styrofoam, making it less dense and allowing it to float. Sci. (2018). Insulting or offensive language, personal attacks and off-topic remarks will not be permitted. All samples from the surface waters and sediments were oven-dried for 72h with a temperature of 90C. In 2007, The Meycauayan and the neighboring town of Marilao in Bulacan province shared a slot in the list of the world's 30 most polluted places in the developing world drawn up by the private New York-based institute Pure Earth.

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